State and trends in the development of labor migration in the world
The most important factor determining modern global migration is associated with the disproportion of demographic development. In recent years, the population has continued to increase rapidly.
The leaders in the number of migrants are Asian countries, which account for more than 80 million migrants. There are about 77 million migrants in European countries, about 18 million migrants in North America, and more than 10 million in Africa.
Today, countries receiving a large flow of economic migrants use different strategies for their selection:
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- Using a point system that allows one to assess the need for certain specialists to come to the country based on several criteria.
- Regulation of the influx of migrants through the employer, who determines the need for a specific employee with a certain qualification and enters into an employment contract with him. For a migrant in the future, this means the opportunity to apply for documents to live and work in this country.
- Control of the flow of migrants at the stage of applying for a visa, when, while still in their own country, potential economic migrants apply for various types of visas, including those that allow them to work for some time in another country.
Note 1
The listed strategies can be implemented in practice both in independent form and in combination with each other.
The problem of migrants' rights
Since the end of the 20th century, in many countries the discrepancy between the increasingly complex nature of migrant flows and established legal and institutional systems responsible for migration processes has become increasingly apparent.
In the field of migration, international instruments have been reassessed. Research has shown that government agencies in most regions of the world do not sufficiently ensure the rights of migrants, which is due to the increase in manifestations of discrimination, racism, xenophobia, humiliating and inhumane attitudes towards migrants.
In many countries, international migration leads to:
- loss of human and labor resources,
- development of socio-political tensions,
- economic crisis.
In 1997, the UN Commission on Human Rights created a Working Group of Experts on the Rights of Migrants and appointed a Special Rapporteur on the rights of migrants. Their main task: to collect all information about existing problems and obstacles in the comprehensive and effective protection of the human rights of migrants, to develop and implement measures for the implementation, protection and promotion of the rights of migrants.
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In many countries, both government representatives and society believe that protecting the human rights of migrants is not a serious need, in contrast to respecting the human rights of their own citizens. In these countries, anti-immigrant sentiments prevail, and migrants are assigned a lower social and legal status.
A particular problem is the recognition of the rights of migrants who do not have appropriate documents. In such cases, government authorities perceive the recognition of migrants' human rights as undermining the state's right to implement and ensure the rule of law. This becomes most important in cases where the fight against illegal migration takes a priority role in government programs.
Modern problems of regulating migration processes
Migration policy is characterized by duality; this trend is increasingly becoming the result of the current stage of development of international migration. Many developed countries are pursuing an increasingly strict and strictly regulated migration policy towards international migrants, which includes a system of special measures, international agreements and legislation in the field of regulating migration processes to achieve certain economic, demographic, geopolitical and other goals.
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For the current stage of development of the world economy, we can distinguish international, regional and national levels of migration policy. The dual nature is clearly evident at every level of migration policy:
- at the international level, duality results from contradictions between the main interests of international organizations and the interests of individual countries;
- at the regional or interstate level, there are opposing trends in the liberalization of migration regimes in regional integration unions and the tightening of migration policies regarding citizens of third countries (not members of this association);
- at the national level there are contradictions between demographic and economic interests, on the one hand, and considerations of social and political security, on the other).
International migration policy implies that the interests of international organizations or the international community as a whole often contradict the national interests of individual states. As a result, many documents and resolutions adopted at international conferences may remain not in force for many years due to the fact that only a small number of countries party to such treaties have ratified them. The dual nature of international migration policy at the regional level is expressed in several aspects:
- In the modern world, processes of regional integration and liberalization of migration policy are actively developing; within the framework of individual regional unions, the “transparency” of borders is increasing, which ensures freedom of movement of the labor force and population of the participating countries across state borders within such unions. At the same time, many countries of the world are taking increasingly strict measures towards immigrants from “third countries”, which is associated with various aspects of ensuring national security (fighting the threat of international terrorism, increasing the security of the national labor market).
- The objectives and interests of an integration association often do not coincide or even contradict the interests of its member states. For example, Great Britain. We have already completed course work
. Great Britain, in more detail, since its entry into the EU zone in 1973, has had special restrictive measures on migration, which was subsequently reflected in the refusal to sign the Schengen Agreement.
For the North American free trade zone (USA, Canada. We have already completed creative work
. Study the country Canada in more detail, Mexico), the movement of migrant workers between Canada and the USA is significantly simplified, while the possibility of labor migration of Mexican citizens to these countries is significantly limited.
An important problem of international migration is the dual migration policy of states, which often leads to unpredictable consequences: a dual policy designed to control the consequences is not able to control the internal processes of finding citizens of another state. Thus, the increase in the number of migrants to the United States from Latin American countries We have already completed coursework
Problems of integration in Latin America have further contributed to the increase in crime. In addition, many countries understand that subsequently, many jobs and business competition will be filled by immigrants. This can lead to a decrease in the quality of life, especially for the local population.
The biggest problems with international migration relate to its immediate causes. The motives for migration are subjective and may be associated with the desire to improve one’s economic situation or to occupy a promising position in another country.
The judge doesn't know
In general, there have been fewer deceived migrants in recent years, states Kozhenov. Roza Magomedova, a human rights lawyer (recognized as a foreign agent in the Russian Federation), also agrees with him.
At the same time, Russian justice remains very unfriendly towards visitors. Thus, the practice of mass expulsions continues, when judges consider cases of administrative offenses in a conveyor belt. For example, in 2021, more than 800 thousand people were expelled. They were banned from entering Russia for at least three years.
In addition, cases of deportation are being actively opened (unlike deportation, deportation is not a type of punishment, but serves as an instrument of state influence). According to statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in January-February 2021, 805 decisions on deportation were made, in 2020 - 4691, in 2019 - 5531, in 2021 - 6010.
At the same time, the country has a presidential decree that prohibits making decisions on deportation and expulsion during the pandemic (the document has been extended until June 15, 2021). The only ones who are not affected by the decree are foreigners who have been released from prison, violated the legislation on the state border of the Russian Federation, threatened national security, advocated a violent change of system, supported terrorists and participated in unauthorized rallies.
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According to Magomedova, cases involving migrants are often handled carelessly: there is no translator in the room, access to a lawyer is difficult, migrants sit in crowds in the corridor and wait for the secretary to bring them the completed papers.
In addition, temporary detention centers (TSVSIG) began to become overcrowded again. Due to closed borders, migrants spend significantly longer than the required 10 days.
“The CVSIG is not intended for a person to live in it for years; it’s difficult to stay there even for two weeks,” notes Magomedova. — In an amicable way, a person must remain in the TsVSIG for 10 days from the date of entry into force of the court decision. But there are, for example, citizens of Turkmenistan who have been stuck in the centers since February last year. At the same time, migrants are supported at the expense of Russian taxpayers.
Impact of the global economic crisis on migration
Currently, we can talk about the following negative consequences of the impact of the economic crisis on international migrants:
- reductions in employment in construction, manufacturing, retail and tourism;
- deterioration of working conditions and reduction of wages due to employers' desire to reduce labor costs;
- dangerous manifestations of discrimination against international migrants;
- increase in illegal migration and strengthening of the position of the informal sector of the economy.
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